The Worlds First High Tech Ceramic

Faience (called Egyptian faience, glazed quartz, or sintered quartz sand) is a completely manufactured material created perhaps to imitate the bright colors and gloss of hard-to-get precious and semi-precious stones. Called the first high-tech ceramic, faience is a siliceous vitrified (heated) and glost (glazed but not fired) ceramic, made of a body of fine ground quartz or sand, coated with an alkaline-lime-silica glaze. It was used in jewelry throughout Egypt and the Near East beginning about 3500 BCE. Forms of faience are found throughout the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Asia, and faience objects have been recovered from archaeological sites of the Indus, Mesopotamian, Minoan, Egyptian, and Western Zhou civilizations. Faience Takeaways Faience is a manufactured material, made in many recipes but mainly of quartz sand and sodas.  Objects made of faience are beads, plaques, tiles, and figurines.It was first developed in Mesopotamia or Egypt about 5500 years ago, and used in most Mediterranean Bronze Age cultures.Faience was traded on the Ancient Glass road to China about 1100 BCE. Origins Scholars suggest  but are not completely united that faience was invented in Mesopotamia in the late 5th millennium BCE and then exported to Egypt (it may have been the other way around). Evidence for the 4th millennium BCE production of faience has been found at the Mesopotamian sites of Hamoukar and Tell Brak. Faience objects have also been discovered at predynastic Badarian (5000–3900 BCE) sites in Egypt. Archaeologists Mehran Matin and Moujan Matin point out that mixing cattle dung (commonly used for fuel), copper scale resulting from copper smelting, and calcium carbonate creates a shiny blue glaze coating on objects. That process may have resulted in the invention of faience and associated glazes during the Chalcolithic period.   The Ancient Glass Road Faience was an important trade item during the Bronze Age: the Uluburun shipwreck of the late 14th century BCE had over 75,000 faience beads in its cargo. Faience beads appeared suddenly in the central plains of China during the rise of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE). Thousands of beads and pendants have been recovered from Western Zhou burials, many within the tombs of ordinary people. According to chemical analysis, the earliest (1040s–950 BCE) were occasional imports originating from the northern Caucasus or Steppe region, but by 950 locally produced soda-rich faience and then high potash faience objects were being made across a wide area of northern and northwestern China.  The use of faience in China disappeared with the Han Dynasty. The appearance of faience in China has been attributed to the trade network known as the Ancient Glass Road, a set of overland trade routes from western Asia and Egypt to China between 1500–500 BCE. A precursor to the Han Dynasty Silk Road, the Glass Toad moved faience, semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli, turquoise, and nephrite jade, and glass among other trade goods connecting the cities of Luxor, Babylon, Teheran, Nishnapur, Khotan, Tashkent, and Baotou. Faience continued as a production method throughout the Roman period into the first century BCE. Manufacturing Practices Miscellaneous floral pendants made of faience from the ancient Egyptian New Kingdom, Dynasty 18 or 19 (ca. 1400–1200 BCE), at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. STAN HONDA / AFP / Getty Images In Egypt, objects formed out of ancient faience included amulets, beads, rings, scarabs, and even some bowls. Faience is considered one of the earliest forms of glass making. Recent investigations of Egyptian faience technology indicate that recipes changed over time and from place to place. Some of the changes involved using soda-rich plant ashes as flux additives—flux helps the materials fuse together at high-temperature heating. Basically, component materials in glass melt at different temperatures, and to get faience to hang together you need to moderate the melting points. However, the archaeologist and materials scientist Thilo Rehren has argued that the differences in glasses (including but not limited to faience) may have to do more with the specific mechanical processes used to create them, rather than varying specific admixture of plant products. The original colors of faience were created by adding copper (to get a turquoise color) or manganese (to get black). Around the beginning of glass production, about 1500 BCE, additional colors were created including cobalt blue, manganese purple, and lead antimonate yellow. Faience Glazes Three different techniques for producing faience glazes have been identified to date: application, efflorescence, and cementation. In the application method, the potter applies a thick slurry of water and glazing ingredients (glass, quartz, colorant, flux, and lime) to an object, such as a tile or pot. The slurry can be poured or painted on the object, and it is recognized by the presence of brush marks, drips, and irregularities in thickness. The efflorescence method involves grinding quartz or sand crystals and mixing them with various levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and/or copper oxide. This mixture is formed into shapes such as beads or amulets, and then the shapes are exposed to heat. During heating, the formed shapes create their own glazes, essentially a thin hard layer of various bright colors, depending on the particular recipe. These objects are identified by stand marks where the pieces were placed during the drying process and variations in glaze thickness. The Qom Technique The cementation method or Qom technique (named after the city in Iran where the method is still used), involves forming the object and burying it in a glazing mixture consisting of alkalis, copper compounds, calcium oxide or hydroxide, quartz, and charcoal. The object and glazing mixture is fired at ~1000 degrees Centigrade, and a glaze layer forms on the surface. After firing, the left-over mixture is crumbled away. This method leaves a uniform glass thickness, but it is only appropriate for small objects such as beads. Replication experiments reproduced the cementation method, and identified calcium hydroxide, potassium nitrate, and alkali chlorides as essential pieces of the Qom method. Medieval Faience Medieval faience, from which faience takes its name, is a kind of brightly-colored glazed earthenware developed during the Renaissance in France and Italy. The word is derived from Faenza, a town in Italy, where factories making the tin-glazed earthenware called majolica (also spelled maiolica) were prevalent. Majolica itself derived from North African Islamic tradition ceramics  and is thought to have developed, oddly enough, from the region of Mesopotamia in the 9th century CE. The dazzling Islamic patterns in the 14th century Jameh Mosque with a view on unique faience mihrab, Yazd, Iran. efesenko / iStock Editorial / Getty Images Plus Faience-glazed tiles decorate many buildings of the middle ages, including those of the Islamic civilization, such as the Bibi Jawindi tomb in Pakistan, built in the 15th century CE, the 14th-century Jamah Mosque in Yazd, Iran, or the Timurid dynasty (1370–1526) Shah-i-Zinda necropolis in Uzbekistan. Selected Sources Boschetti, Cristina, et al. Early Evidences of Vitreous Materials in Roman Mosaics from Italy: An Archaeological and Archaeometric Integrated Study. Journal of Cultural Heritage 9 (2008): e21–e26. Print.Carter, Alison Kyra, Shinu Anna Abraham, and Gwendolyn O. Kelly. Updating Asias Maritime Bead Trade: An Introduction. Archaeological Research in Asia 6 (2016): 1–3. Print.Lei, Yong, and Yin Xia. Study on Production Techniques and Provenance of Faience Beads Excavated in China. Journal of Archaeological Science 53 (2015): 32–42. Print.Lin, Yi-Xian, et al. The Beginning of Faience in China: A Review and New Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 105 (2019): 97–115. Print.Matin, Mehran, and Moujan Matin. Egyptian Faience Glazing by the Cementation Method Part 1: An Investigation of the Glazing Powder Composition and Glazing Mechanism. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.3 (2012): 763–76. Print.Sheridan, Alison, and Andrew Shortland. ...Beads Which Have Given Rise to So Much Dogmatism, Controversy and Rash Speculation; Faience in Early Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. Scotland in Ancient Europe. The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Scotland in Their European Context. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2004. 263–79. Print.Tite, M.S., P.Manti, and A.J. Shortland. A Technological Study of Ancient Faience from Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007): 1568–83. Print.

Essay Gay Marriage in the 21st Century - 1801 Words

Marriage is considered to be the ritual binding of two people into one couple. Traditionally marriage has been the foundation were a man and woman join together in the pledge of love. At this time, the time-honored views of matrimony are being changed by gay and lesbian couples challenging the same right to love, respect, and appreciate their partners as heterosexual couples have. Homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation, along with bisexuality and heterosexuality, within the heterosexual-homosexual continuum. Lesbian is the name used to describe a woman and gay to describe a man; although these classes of people are ridiculed for loving the same-sex, it’s not our place as a society to judge. Gay marriage†¦show more content†¦The argument is one that is pushed and hard to explain. Marriage needs the protection of laws because society must be concerned about its own conservation and stability into the next generation. Many people just aren’t relaxed with the idea of same-sex marriages and religion in the same sentence. (Gay Rights Movement, 2004) It insults everything religion stands for. The main reason so many American’s are against same-sex marriages is because it conflicts with their religion and/or their beliefs. But whose beliefs? Many conventional Christian denominations and definitely most branches of Islam and Orthodox Judaism, despise the idea of gay marriage. The majority of religions are recognizing the equality of gays would require violating the First Amendment. Christians’ believed in God’s disapproval of homosexuality and this claim is important which is forcing them to violate their religious beliefs. (marriage, 2010) This is by far the biggest dispute that is given for gay marriage to not be officially permitted. It is printed in the Bible that it is a transgression to have affairs with someone of the identical sex and that if he would have proposed for people to be gay that he would have formed so that we could have children in that method. In reality in the very first part (Genesis) of the Bible it states that God made woman for man. Christians also disagree that God made us to procreate by sexual dealings withShow MoreRelatedWhy The Stonewall Riots Became A Turning Point For The Lesbian Community1459 Words   |  6 PagesUntil the last half of the 20th century, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals were victims of discrimination in American society and in statutory laws, which limited their basic rights. On the night of June 28, 1969, police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York’s Greenwich Village, and arrested three drag queens by using excessive force. Bar pat rons and spectators, tired of police oppression, stood up and fought back. 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Microsoft free essay sample

Microsoft became more aggressive in application software for IBM- standard PCs. It began to bundle Word, Excel, and PowerPoint into a popular suite, MS Office. It also began to offer competitive upgrades discounts for customers who were switching from WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3. Starting in 1995 and all the way to 2008, MS was the dominant provider of word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software. Internet Browsers. Bill Gates sent a memo to his top team in 1995, making it clear that their focus on the Internet is crucial to every part of their business. A section in the memo titled Competition highlighted Netscape as a new competitor born on the internet. Promising to embrace and extend the internet, MS released Internet Explorer (E), their own version of a web browser. It was offered for free and bundled with Windows. Soon after, versions of IE were available not only for Windows, but also for Apple and Unix OSs. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MS also made deals with Internet Service providers (ISPs) who agreed to install IE when they provided internet to their customers. They also went to he extent of allowing AOL to place their icon on the Windows desktop, even though they were competitors. Netscape tried keeping up but their costs went up and webmasters started optimizing their sites for IE and not Navigator. All of this prompted the U. S. Department of Justice to bring an antitrust case against MS in 1998. They said that MS abused the power of its OS monopoly in order to create a new monopoly in the browser market. n 2001 MS reached a settlement with the government where they were required to disclose ceratin aspect of its software code o other firms and prohibited discriminatory agreements with PC makers. It also barred MS from bundling other applications with Windows unless rival amkers had equal access to being bundled with Windows. Java. As the internet went up, so did a programming language called Java, from Sun M icrosystems. MS licensed Java from Sun in 195. MS then developed and promoted a version of Java that ran best with Windows and not so well across other platforms. Sun sued them for creating a polluted version of Java and later for making Java ncompatible with Windows XP. The government later found an e-mail from a MS employee that advocated stealing and killing Java. The settlement reached in 2004 included a $1. 6 billion payment to Sun and resolved the dispute. Linux. News about a new threat starting circulating throughout MSs top ranks: open-source software, more specifically the Linux operating system. At first, Linux was used mostly on servers, but it was predicted that they would soon expand to desktops and laptops. Microsoft launched a response to Linux to include customer education fforts, opening the MS server OS code to some degree, selling stripped-down versions of their server OS at lower prices, and looking for competitive weaknesses in Linux in a lab. Later on, MS made a deal with Novell to work with them to make Windows server OS compatible with Novells version of Linux. Customers were scared of being sued by MS for using Linux without permission, but MS promised not to sue people that didnt pay for Novells Linux, without saying anything about other Linux versions. Some people saw this as a threat.

Operations Case Essay Example

Operations Case Essay Delos Santos, Jerome M. BMG – 10800409 Operman â€Å"Your Garden Gloves† 1. †¢ Highest productivity = 2,117 / 2 =1,058. 5 †¢Lowest productivity = 1,965 / 4 = 491. 25 †¢Explanation: †¢There are many possible reasons why the productivity differs when the number of crewmembers increases or decreases. One of it is that as stated on the case the company hires new employees every year. It means that maybe the combination of workers is not effective. For example the best employees were stationed to work together and the average rated employees and their novices were grouped. This is the reason why even with fewer members the crew with better workers was able to have higher productivity. †¢Another possible reason is that the crew with two members has better quality tools than those of the crew with four members. It affects the productivity in a way that even a crew with fewer members can produce a greater number of outputs. On the other hand, tools with bad quality can produce fewer outputs. Maybe the workers who produced les had the bad quality tools, which made them commit more mistakes and repeat their task again and again. 2. One possible reason why the owner decided to go with greater number of workers is that he saw his best workers were already on fieldwork. This made the owner descried to send the crew with four members that are have low rate. Another possible reason is that the owner thinks that the crew can already handle the job that was asked for. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He would like to reserve his best workers for a job that will require higher output. 3. One of the possible qualitative issues maybe the experience that each worker has. This experience may greatly affect the performance of a worker in a way that workers with greater experience know more about what he is doing. Another is that of the quality of the tools used. This may affect the productivity in a way that the quality of output may depend on the tools used by the workers. If the quality of the tools is better the output will be better also.

Obamas Religious Beliefs Essay Sample free essay sample

America is in a large argument now on who will be the following campaigner of the Democrats this coming presidential election. There are three possible campaigners for the Democrats. John Edward who might non be chosen. Hillary Clinton. if of all time will be the first adult female president and Barrack Obama who could be the first Black American president. The inquiry being raised by the people right now is the america ready for a black president in the individual of Barrack Hussein Obama. Aside from his name that sounds like Saddam Hussein. it was aired in the intelligence and written magazines along with the newspapers that he is a Muslim. Now. a different inquiry. is America ready for a Muslim president? Is America ready to vote for a black American who happens to be a Muslim? Although issues sing Obama’s faith is now the talk of the town. will it be necessary to vote for a Muslim president. We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Religious Beliefs Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page who for a long clip practiced Christian religion? Does his faith affairs to the American people or the people would merely accept this fact and travel on in voting for him? Will these issues affect him in his campaigning for presidential term? Barrack’s issue in his faith was supported with facts from other people. newsmans and beginnings. At this minute. the Muslim Community in America is ready to back up Obama in his journey on being the first black president while there are others who strongly oppose this thought and might every bit good trash him in the extroverted election. Barrack Obama’s male parent who was from Kenya but his parents divorced when he was two and so his female parent subsequently on married an Indonesian who was said to be a Muslim. As a kid. he stayed there for 4 old ages and studied the Koran with Muslim kids ( Kristof. 2007 ) . His gramps who was from Kenya was a Muslim but he was non able to run into his gramps. Barrack Obama may non be a existent Moslem but his roots says that his household was portion of this faith. At this point. possibly America is non yet ready for a Muslim president. It is non Obama but it’s his environment that keeps some people off from the thought of his presidential term. The treatment about his faith is truly perplexing. His party didn’t clear up anything about it and so. it is a enigma to the people of America. His ties with Islam and the Muslims are non clear plenty to do a statement ( Ward. 2008 ) . The media is now doing this information a large issue about him. It may do his failure in the election or possibly his manner in being the president. Plants Cited Kristof. Nicholas. â€Å"The New York Times† . 6 March 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. basapa. com/2008Muslim Americans for Obama 08. 2007. muslimsforobama08. com World Wide Web. barrackobama. com

English Spelling is Not Total Chaos

English Spelling is Not Total Chaos English Spelling is Not Total Chaos English Spelling is Not Total Chaos By Maeve Maddox Daniels recent fun spelling test got me thinking about English spelling. Google English spelling and youll get 23,300,000 hits. Visit a few of the sites and you will be told how ridiculous, crazy, outrageous, cruel, and in-need-of-reform is English orthography. English spelling is more complicated than that of some other languages, but its not total chaos. The strangest spellings are those of the commonest words, so practice soon familiarizes even young children with the most irregular forms. Overall, there are predictable patterns and rules to guide the spelling of most English words. It would be impossible to cover all the phonetic facts of English spelling in one article, so stand by for a sequence of articles (you can also check the spelling section on TeachingIdeas.co.uk, which sums up most of the rules). For starters, Id like to point out some aspects of the English alphabet that lead to misunderstandings about English orthography. The 26 letters of the English alphabet are insufficient to represent the 44 or so sounds used to speak the English language. Written English has compensated for this lack of letters by inventing extra letters to represent eight consonant sounds and seven vowel sounds that do not have letters of their own. For example, the combination sh does not represent the combined sounds of /s/ and /h/. The sound represented is /sh/, which is the sound heard at the beginning of the word ship. Written English has not just compensated, but overcompensated for its insufficient alphabet. Numerous alternate spellings exist to represent sounds already represented by letters or letter combinations. This overabundance of spellings is a result of Englishs unabashed habit of importing words from other languages. In many instances new words brought along the spelling conventions of the language of origin. Clearly English orthography requires more study than that of other modern languages. Keep in mind, however, that English grammar is simpler than most. You can use the time saved in studying the grammar to learn the spelling system! I hear a lot of people admit to being unable to spell as if it were a genetic defect. I suppose that in a tiny percentage of the population it may be. In general, however, poor spelling is the result of insufficient information. In sum: the English alphabet has 26 letters; spoken English uses 40+ speech sounds; written English makes use of 70 spelling symbols. English spelling is complex, but learning 70 phonograms (sound symbols) and a few rules is a small price to pay for the use of the enormous vocabulary of English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†"Replacement for" and "replacement of"50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Were people offered assisstive devices in the hospital after being Essay

Were people offered assisstive devices in the hospital after being treated for a fall - Essay Example Assistive devices are important tools that aid patients that had gone through a physical injury to recover faster. In line with the importance of assistive devices, this study will determine how well hospitals in Louisiana (River Parishes Hospital and Thibodaux General) offers assistive devices in treating patients with physical injuries. The problem statement is not a group of sentences that talk about the problem area you want to study or the general phenomenon of interest. A problem statement, generally in the form of a question, is a little broader than the purpose. For example, Can a correlation between utilizing ADs earlier after injury and improved patient outcomes be demonstrated? There are approximately 30% of older individuals 65 years old and up suffers from fall each year. (Blake et al., 1988) Physical injuries due to fall causes almost all injury-related deaths among elderly people especially in women. (Arfken et al., 1994) Being able to determine whether physically injured patients in Louisiana Hospitals were offered to use assistive devices will roughly give the nurses an estimate on how frequent these patients were offered to use assistive devices. In your significance, you need to point out cost of injury and prolonged hospital stays, effects of injury on quality of life. Since the study highlights the importance of using assistive devices on patients with physical injury due to fall, it would help the nurses be aware of the necessity of using these devices to enhance the recovery period of the patient. Thus, minimizing the injury-related deaths among the elderly people. Incidence of falls is frequent among the elderly individuals. Fall-related injuries are one of the most common leading causes of injury deaths and disabilities among the elderly individuals more than 65 years of age. (Lord, Sherrington, and Menz, 2001) Although more than half of